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Fake Adobe and Zoom Updates Install ScreenConnect for Persistent Remote Access
Fake Adobe and Zoom Updates Install ScreenConnect for Persistent Remote Access
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How legitimate cloud platforms enable phishers to bypass MFA
Threat actors are increasingly exploiting legitimate cloud services to evade detection and streamline the deployment of their scam infrastructure. Cloud hosting services and decentralized networks have become primary platforms for hosting phishing pages and sites. Throughout 2025 and 2026, we have observed phishing operators steadily migrate toward platforms like Cloudflare Workers, Vercel, Netlify, GitHub Pages, and IPFS. This post analyzes the mechanics of a real-life adversary-in-the-middle (AitM) attack in a cloud environment and presents detailed statistics on the platforms and domains phishers abuse most frequently.
The cloud as a safe haven for phishersThreat actors select platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offerings and distributed cloud environments to host phishing sites for much the same reasons legitimate software developers do:
- Inherent trust and reputation. Phishing pages hosted on reputable platforms appear trustworthy, reducing suspicion among potential victims.
- Most platforms offer generous free-tier developer plans. The onboarding process takes minutes and rarely requires Know Your Customer (KYC) identity verification. This enables a single operator to create hundreds of malicious accounts.
- Evasion and anonymity. Attackers leverage native security features to obscure their true origin server IP address behind a CDN, which complicates detection for security vendors.
Additionally, these platforms allocate shared subdomains hosting millions of legitimate projects and websites. Security teams cannot simply block the parent domain or its subdomains without inflicting collateral damage on bona fide users – a limitation that malicious actors take advantage of. To counter this tactic, security vendors must advance content-based analysis methodologies.
Multi-stage AitM attackConsider a modern AitM phishing campaign that leverages Cloudflare Workers, a widely adopted cloud platform. The attackers execute the operation through multiple HTML pages distributed across a compromised website and the cloud platform. Each page serves a specific function: harvesting target email addresses, initializing the reverse-proxy infrastructure, or spoofing the login form to capture multi-factor authentication (MFA) sessions.
Stage 1. Contact harvesting and network monitoring evasionThe attack typically begins with a phishing email that uses a plausible pretext – such as a request from a coworker to review documents – to entice the target into clicking a malicious link.
Upon clicking the link, the user is redirected to a fake CAPTCHA landing page hosted on a compromised legitimate website. This specific campaign used the https://t[REDACTED]e.com website, but any other variations are possible. In this scenario, the compromised page served as a disposable relay — vendor detection mechanisms typically block phishing links delivered directly via email much faster — to prevent the early discovery of the core phishing content hosted on Cloudflare.
If the user entered their email address and clicked Continue, the pseudo-CAPTCHA marked them as a human user and initiated a redirect. The primary objective of this stage is to harvest target email addresses, filter out bots, and route legitimate users to a subdomain of workers.dev. Such subdomains are generated automatically and free of charge by Cloudflare Workers. The victim’s email address was embedded in the URL hash (the part of the URL following the # character), allowing the page at [REDACTED].workers.dev to extract the email without issuing a request to the attacker’s server, thereby avoiding detection.
Stage 2. Initializing a transparent proxyThe user’s browser then loaded a [REDACTED].workers.dev page with #[email protected] at the end of the URL. At this point, the page presented the victim with a genuine CAPTCHA challenge. This step ensured that an actual user was interacting with the page rather than a security sandbox.
Another CAPTCHA, this time a legitimate one
Once the user successfully completed the challenge, a service worker was registered in their browser. This is a special JavaScript file capable of running in the background and intercepting all network requests generated by the current tab. As this type of script was designed as a core component of progressive web apps (PWAs) to optimize load times and support offline functionality, browsers treat service workers as standard site feature and execute them without prompting for user consent as long as the website uses an HTTPS connection.
The attackers leveraged the service worker to deploy Ultraviolet, a legitimate open-source web proxy library, to dynamically rewrite all links and forms on the page. This forced every outgoing request – including those for Microsoft login credentials – to route through the attackers’ server rather than directly to the legitimate services.
Immediately upon loading, the page extracted the victim’s email address from the URL hash and stored it in the browser’s sessionStorage property so it would not be overwritten when the CAPTCHA loaded. This step also allowed the script to pre-fill the username field in the form automatically. A pre-populated login field enhanced the page’s credibility and bolstered user trust. Once the CAPTCHA was passed, the malicious script constructed a redirect URL for the third stage, appending the email retrieved from sessionStorage back to the hash. By passing the email via the URL hash across three consecutive stages, the attackers successfully kept it hidden from network attack detection systems.
Registering a service worker to intercept traffic
Establishing a transparent proxy via an external library
Stage 3. Session hijacking and browser window spoofingThe final stage unfolded on a third page, combining adversary-in-the-middle (AitM) traffic interception with a browser-in-the-browser (BitB) UI spoofing technique. BitB attacks operate by rendering a block inside a legitimate webpage that visually mimics a native browser pop-up window.
In this case, the script hosted on the attacker’s page generated a pop-up visually identical to a native browser window, complete with window controls and a spoofed address bar showing a trusted Microsoft URL. Within this simulated window, an iframe loaded the authentic login interface, routed dynamically through the service worker reverse proxy created in Stage 2. When the victim entered their credentials and MFA code into the BitB window, the proxy script intercepted both the credentials and the session tokens. Combining BitB with AitM significantly increases the threat: BitB provides a convincing, trusted visual wrapper (displaying a legitimate URL and branding), while the hidden AitM proxy quietly handles traffic interception and session hijacking behind the scenes.
Upon successful login, the proxy instructs the interface to close the pop-up and redirect the victim to a generic system error page, such as SessionExpired. This minimizes suspicion: the victim assumes a technical glitch occurred and attempts to log in again, unaware that the attacker already has full access to the session.
Cloud platform phishing attack statisticsWe analyzed phishing URLs hosted across popular cloud platforms – including Cloudflare, Netlify, and GitHub Pages – over a 12-month period spanning August 2025 to July 2026. The data below outlines trends in unique third-level domains exploited to deliver phishing content. In total, our security solutions blocked 224,984 unique third-level domains on cloud and decentralized services used in phishing attacks within that timeframe.
Number of unique third-level domains
(download)
Based on this telemetry, we compiled a list of the TOP 10 cloud domains most frequently abused in phishing campaigns over the specified period.
Number of phishing links
Unsurprisingly, Cloudflare and Vercel emerged as the undisputed leaders: both offer free tiers, automated SSL certificate issuance, and global CDNs. GitHub Pages ranked third. The widespread legitimate use of the github.io domain complicates bulk blocking efforts, as security teams risk limiting access to non-malicious projects.
Decentralized networks also warrant close attention – we posted on this subject in 2023. The ipfs.io and dweb.link domains function as IPFS gateways. The principal risk associated with these platforms is content persistence: even if a specific gateway gets blocked, the phishing page remains accessible via alternative nodes across the network.
The visual website builders Wix and Webflow also ranked among the TOP 10 (eighth and ninth, respectively). These platforms allow low-skilled individuals to build phishing pages rapidly without advanced coding expertise, which significantly lowers the barrier to entry for less capable malicious actors.
Domain Number of phishing links Platform 1 pages.dev 24.9% Cloudflare Pages 2 vercel.app 13.8% Vercel 3 github.io 13.7% GitHub Pages 4 netlify.app 10.0% Netlify 5 dweb.link 7.8% IPFS gateway 6 ipfs.io 5.3% IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) 7 workers.dev 2.5% Cloudflare Workers 8 wixstudio.com 1.9% Wix Studio 9 webflow.io 1.0% Webflow 10 azurewebsites.net 1.0% Microsoft Azure Other 17.9%
In total, we identified and neutralized over 390,000 phishing pages hosted across legitimate cloud platforms and decentralized networks (IPFS) over the past 12 months. This data confirms that threat actors actively exploit the implicit trust associated with legitimate PaaS providers (such as Cloudflare Workers, Vercel, Netlify, and GitHub Pages) and IPFS gateways. High domain reputation, generous free tiers, and built-in evasion capabilities enable phishers to deploy multi-stage AitM attacks designed to hijack MFA sessions.
RecommendationsTraditional security controls, such as relying on HTTPS lock icons or reputation-based domain denylists, are inadequate against these attacks. The cloud provider’s apex domain maintains a positive reputation score, while attackers generate malicious subdomains programmatically and at scale.
Effective defense against these threats calls for a layered security posture:
- Exercise caution with unexpected requests, even if they are served from reputable domains or secured with valid SSL/TLS certificates.
- Treat any CAPTCHA interface requiring personal data input as a possible scam. Legitimate CAPTCHA challenges rarely request personally identifiable information, such as email addresses.
- Inspect the URL in the address bar at the very top of the browser window. In BitB attacks, threat actors can render a fake browser pop-up displaying any target URL, even a legitimate one. However, the true address bar – located at the top of the main browser window alongside native navigation controls (Back, Forward, Refresh) – will continue to display the actual attacker-controlled domain.
- Avoid entering credentials in pop-ups you did not expect to see. If a login or MFA form appears without your explicit action, close the tab immediately. Navigate to the intended service manually by entering its address directly into the browser.
- Additional protection can be provided by Kaspersky Secure Mail Gateway for enterprise environments and Kaspersky Premium for personal correspondence. These robust email security solutions neutralize phishing links at the delivery stage before they reach the inbox.
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Surviving AI: Navigating workload creep, AI slop, and the new tech career playbook
After more than 30 years the cybersecurity field, Keith Jones recently realized that his role had changed, from being a single contributor to manager of a fairly large team. And this team was getting a lot accomplished — tasks that used to take up a huge chunk of his workday.
No, his company hadn’t hired a group of new employees to work under him. He simply accelerated his use of artificial intelligence tools. Now, instead of grinding through a lot of basic tasks, that work is done for him while he focuses on bigger-picture work.
“It really feels like I have a team behind the scenes, but what I have is Claude [Anthropic’s AI tool],” says Jones, who currently works as a cybersecurity researcher. “I’ve been thinking for the last several months about how much differently I work now than I did a year ago, when I would sit and write all the low-level stuff before I could get to the 10% of the good stuff I really wanted to focus on. Now I can sit back and say, ‘Give me three different ways to solve this problem.’”
width="1024" height="678" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px">Keith Jones, cybersecurity researcher
Keith Jones
Most people working in the technology field, like Jones, have had to figure out how best to work with AI. The technology has come on strong, with many companies making its use mandatory and actively evaluating whether employees are faster and more efficient because of it. And while it is boosting productivity and taking over the burden of repetitive, manual tasks, it’s also creating a new level of stress and a dizzying kind of mental exhaustion.
So what can tech workers do about the heavier mental load that comes with using AI, on top of escalating worries about the safety of their own jobs? AI users and industry analysts say there are specific ways to ease some of those burdens and prepare for a changing job market.
Combating the slop factorWhen it comes to working with LLM tools, a well-known issue is dealing with AI workslop and hallucinations. The slop is AI-generated output that is low-quality, buzzword-heavy, and generic. It also can refer to bloated, boilerplate code. Hallucinations are inaccurate or completely made-up results. AI routinely offers this messy or incorrect information with total confidence, giving users a false sense of security.
Using this bad data can lead to anything from minor software bugs to severe liabilities. “Don’t believe the machine is infallible,” says Craig Shue, computer science professor and department head at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). “That’s when bugs will start working in. There’s a lot of misinformation on the internet, and that could be what the LLM is grabbing and using.”
width="1024" height="674" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px">Craig Shue, computer science professor and department head at Worcester Polytechnic Institute
WPI
Here are ways to combat the problem:
- Make AI show its work: Ask it to cite its sources or explain its reasoning. Example prompt: Explain the logic and show the steps before writing the code.
- Give the AI a source of truth: Instead of letting the AI search the internet for information, give it the exact source material (reports, transcripts, data sheets) to base its output on, telling it to use only the information provided.
- Validate. Validate. Validate: Never let AI publish code directly to the main project without first reviewing and running it locally. Similarly, never take AI output and simply move it on to the next person in the project. Every single AI output needs review.
- Don’t be fooled by confidence: As with managing a human, question the output. When you’re busy or tired, it’s easy to just go with the results it gives you. Don’t. Always analyze and question it.
Let’s face it: The great promise of AI is that it will take over repetitive, manual tasks, which will save you an incredible amount of time. What isn’t talked about as much is that it also can create a new workload — one that can be exhausting in a whole new way.
“Is AI saving people time? The short answer is yes,” says J.P. Gownder, vice president and principal analyst with Forrester Research. “But people also are being overwhelmed with overproduced things. Everyone wants to look busy and they’re producing more, but not necessarily better. Managers have to push back on that or it’s not really saving you time.”
In a multi-year study by Upwork, the largest online freelance marketplace, 77% of employees reported that AI had increased their workload. The report noted that a boost in productivity comes with a “significant emotional and relational cost,” with 88% of workers who saw the highest productivity gains also feeling burned out. And IDC’s Future of Work 2026 survey reported that 24% of IT workers report increased workload as a top AI concern.
Here are ways to combat the problem:
- Keep it short: Part of the prompt — always — should be to tell any AI tool to be concise.
- Build an anti-slop culture: Don’t simply accept and pass on workslop. It’s insulting for a co-worker to have to deal with pages of largely useless information.
- Filter the noise: When everyone on a team starts using AI, the volume of Slack messages, long-form memos, and data reports skyrockets. Don’t treat it all with equal importance. Practice radical prioritization.
- Manage the transcript deluge: Stop wading through 40-page meeting transcripts that bury action items. Instead, prompt the system to produce a concise summary focused strictly on deliverables or status updates.
- Reduce the AI blast radius: When asked to fix a bug, AI tools often rewrite hundreds of lines of unrelated code, multiplying your code review time. Prevent this by instructing the tool to isolate its changes only to the specific function or file in question.
Using AI often necessitates a different kind of mental processing, changing what had been the natural pacing of your day and dramatically increasing context switching. Instead of simply building and testing, someone might be jumping back and forth between auditing, fact-checking, prompting, and re-prompting. To manage strain and protect your focus, new strategies are needed.
Published this past March in the Harvard Business Review, a study by Boston Consulting Group and the University of California, Riverside, surveyed 1,500 workers and coined the term “AI brain fry.” The researchers found that juggling multiple AI tools causes decision fatigue and increases errors.
How to combat the problem:
- Work in batches: Continuously reviewing AI output as it comes in can quickly lead to mental burnout. Dedicate blocks of time throughout your day to interact with your AI tools.
- Create analog islands: Your brain needs time to decompress, and that means taking a break from digital processing… and from screen time in general. Make time in your day to step away from screens, such as taking a 15-minute walk or reading a book instead of watching a video online.
- Know when to step in: Instead of endlessly tweaking prompts to get a perfect result, it is often faster and less mentally taxing to manually write or refactor the final 20% yourself.
- Create base prompts: Writing custom prompts that include everything from guardrails to tone instructions for every new project quickly drains your mental energy. Instead, build two or three reusable system prompts, such as one for refactoring legacy code and another for drafting API docs, and use them as templates.
With companies regularly using AI-based applicant tracking systems to filter resumes, and AI actively shifting job responsibilities and skills requirements, the strategy for how you apply for roles and handle interviews is changing.
Leo Freitas, an analyst and research manager at IDC Research, says it’s critical for job applicants to show potential employers what they can do that machines cannot. “You need demonstrable achievements,” he adds. “It’s good to show highly human skills.”
width="1024" height="683" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px">Leo Freitas, analyst and research manager at IDC
IDC
How to combat the problem:
For your resume:- Mirror their language: Use the exact language from the job description. Traditional applicant tracking systems rely heavily on structured information and keyword matching, says Teresa Hill, founder and leader of Anchor GTM, a growth marketing consultancy. That means if a posting says “product marketing manager,” don’t just write “PMM.” Write both.
- Keep it simple: Use standard section headers, like “Experience” and “Education.” Creative alternatives and formatting can confuse parsers.
- Avoid AI writing: Use AI to help structure your thinking, then edit until the copy sounds natural and authentically human.
- Swap responsibilities for metrics: To stand out, especially with AI scanners, tie as many bullet points as possible from your work to business outcomes.
- So, how do you use AI? Every interviewer eventually asks some version of this question. The best answers focus on judgment vs. simply name-dropping tools. Explain what you automate, what you never automate, and why.
- Show that you’re a gatekeeper: AI tools can generate code or copy instantly, but they also introduce errors. To stand out, show that you know how to audit, verify, and safeguard quality.
- Focus on learning: Don’t emphasize your expertise with a specific AI tool. Focus on being someone who is adaptable and learns quickly, Hill says.
- What sets you apart from a machine: Show, don’t tell. Give work examples that demonstrate that you know how to be creative, collaborative, and problem solve. Show metrics whenever possible.
- Demonstrate that you know the limits: Make it clear that you know when to use AI and what not to let it touch without heavy review.
Teresa Hill, founder and leader of Anchor GTM
Teresa Hill
Future-proofing your career in a shifting tech marketThe anxiety echoing through the tech industry is tangible as companies reallocate corporate capital toward automation. While both Gownder and Freitas emphasize that there is far more fear than actual AI-driven layoffs, the shift in corporate spending is undeniably stoking job insecurity.
“There’s this apocalyptical view that AI will take everyone’s job in a few years,” says Freitas. “I don’t see that happening, but many things will change in the nature of how we work. I don’t think the world is going to end tomorrow. But it’s always good to do a self-assessment and look at whether AI can do what you’re doing now.”
How to combat the problem:
- Use this technology to your advantage: Approach AI as a new tool, not a replacement. Use it to make yourself better and faster at your job. “I look at AI like it’s another new tool, and I’m going to learn it like I’ve learned any other tool,” says Jones.
- Don’t bury your head in the sand: Take a look at what you do and consider if it could be done by AI.If your role is highly automatable, think about switching to a more advanced position or to a role, like security, that more clearly needs a human in the loop.
- Take ownership of your career: Expand your knowledge and skills. Find courses and certifications (many are free online) and take advantage of employers’ training programs.
- Work with the business side: Make sure you understand the business — its long-term goals, competitive market, and jargon. Be the bridge between the technical and business sides of the company, giving presentations and solving business problems with technology.
- Highlight your in-house expertise: When you have institutional knowledge, make sure you are openly using it to benefit the business. Your knowledge can be your key differentiator.
- Push the business forward: Think about the next app or customer-facing system that will propel the business forward. Be the one who is advancing the company with tech.
- Continue to adapt: Don’t get stuck in your anxiety. Keep being curious and working your learning muscles.
- Burned out by bots: The rise of prompt fatigue in the workplace
- The AI tech job slaughter gets real
- Increased AI expectations without guidance leads to employee burnout
- ‘Botsitting’: The AI time-savings killer only governance can stop
- Here are the top AI certifications that will get you hired and promoted
- How to curb hallucinations in Copilot (and other genAI tools)
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