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The vendor only plans to patch two of the eight impacted devices, according to a researcher.

A 21-year-old Kentucky man who previously pleaded guilty to developing, marketing, and selling an infamous remote access trojan (RAT) called LuminosityLink has now been sentenced to 30 months in prison. According to a press release published Monday by U.S. Attorney’s Office, Colton Grubbs, who used online moniker 'KFC Watermelon,' was pleaded guilty for three counts--unlawfully accessing

The update also features 23 security fixes.

José Rodríguez has demonstrated how an attacker with physical access to a device running iOS 12.0.1 can gain access to photos stored on it.

Researchers concluded that passphrase requirements such as a 15-character minimum length deter the majority users from reusing them on other sites.

He or she is selling off the databases by state. Kansas's voter database has already been sold and published, and Oregon is next up for sale.

The flaw impacted patients with pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, cardiac resynchronization devices and insertable cardiac monitors.

A security researcher found a publicly exposed Firebase data repository that was hardcoded in the dating app.

A four-year-old severe vulnerability has been discovered in the Secure Shell (SSH) implementation library known as Libssh that could allow anyone to completely bypass authentication and gain unfettered administrative control over a vulnerable server without requiring a password. The security vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2018-10933, is an authentication-bypass issue that was introduced in

Počítačová síť slovenského ministerstva zahraničí se v uplynulých dnech stala terčem kybernetického útoku ze zahraničí. Ve středu to potvrdil slovenský premiér Peter Pellegrini (Směr-sociální demokracie).

Would you prefer purchasing an Android device that doesn't have any apps or services from Google? No Google Maps, No Gmail, No YouTube! And NOT even the Google Play Store—from where you could have installed any Android apps you want Because if you live in Europe, from now on, you have to spend some extra cash on a smartphone with built-in Google services, which were otherwise until now

Webové prohlížeče Edge a Internet Explorer budou mít od roku 2020 ve výchozím nastavení zakázanou podporu dvacet let starých bezpečnostních protokolů Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.0 a 1.1. V pondělí to oznámil Microsoft na oficiálním blogu v příspěvku věnovaném modernizaci TLS ...

Nové analýzy ukázaly, že císařský řez po celém světě podstupuje stále více rodiček. Zatímco v roce 2000 tímto způsobem přišlo na svět 12 % ze všech narozených dětí, o 15 let později to již bylo 21 %, což je téměř dvakrát tolik. Pokud nebudou podniknuta žádná opatření, tento trend pravděpodobně ...

Enlarge (credit: Indigo girl / Flickr)

Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla have announced a unified plan to deprecate the use of TLS 1.0 and 1.1 early in 2020.

TLS (Transport Layer Security) is used to secure connections on the Web. TLS is essential to the Web, providing the ability to form connections that are confidential, authenticated, and tamper-proof. This has made it a big focus of security research, and over the years, a number of bugs that had significant security implications have been found in the protocol. Revisions have been published to address these flaws.

The original TLS 1.0, heavily based on Netscape's SSL 3.0, was first published in January 1999. TLS 1.1 arrived in 2006, while TLS 1.2, in 2008, added new capabilities and fixed these security flaws. Irreparable security flaws in SSL 3.0 saw support for that protocol come to an end in 2014; the browser vendors now want to make a similar change for TLS 1.0 and 1.1.

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Support for PHP 5.6 drops on December 31 - but a recent report found that almost 62 percent of websites are still using version 5.

When you search for free movie download or watch free movies online, search engines serve you a long list of best free movie websites. But you need to beware, as most free movies files and free movie site could end you up into downloading links to nasty computer viruses. They could infect or, at worst case, take control over your computer. One more thing I have learned in these years is that

A record fine and two new compromises kick off the autumn compromise season.

On this episode of the CyberSpeak with InfoSec Institute podcast, Teresa Sears, senior director of certification products for CompTIA skills certifications, and Christine Tuttleman, a business information security officer, CompTIA SME and member of the CompTIA Technical Advisory Committee, discuss how you can begin a career in the IT sector. Camille DuPuis, marketing events specialist at […]

The post Breaking into IT: From First Job to Advanced Certs with CompTIA — CyberSpeak Podcast appeared first on InfoSec Resources.

Breaking into IT: From First Job to Advanced Certs with CompTIA — CyberSpeak Podcast was first posted on October 16, 2018 at 12:37 pm.
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The Emotet Trojan is behind a crippling ransomware attack that hit the Onslow Water and Sewer Authority.

Posted by James Forshaw, Google Project Zero
At Recon Montreal 2018 I presented “Unknown Known DLLs and other Code Integrity Trust Violations” with Alex Ionescu. We described the implementation of Microsoft Windows’ Code Integrity mechanisms and how Microsoft implemented Protected Processes (PP). As part of that I demonstrated various ways of bypassing Protected Process Light (PPL), some requiring administrator privileges, others not.
In this blog I’m going to describe the process I went through to discover a way of injecting code into a PPL on Windows 10 1803. As the only issue Microsoft considered to be violating a defended security boundary has now been fixed I can discuss the exploit in more detail.Background on Windows Protected ProcessesThe origins of the Windows Protected Process (PP) model stretch back to Vista where it was introduced to protect DRM processes. The protected process model was heavily restricted, limiting loaded DLLs to a subset of code installed with the operating system. Also for an executable to be considered eligible to be started protected it must be signed with a specific Microsoft certificate which is embedded in the binary. One protection that the kernel enforced is that a non-protected process couldn’t open a handle to a protected process with enough rights to inject arbitrary code or read memory.
In Windows 8.1 a new mechanism was introduced, Protected Process Light (PPL), which made the protection more generalized. PPL loosened some of the restrictions on what DLLs were considered valid for loading into a protected process and introduced different signing requirements for the main executable. Another big change was the introduction of a set of signing levels to separate out different types of protected processes. A PPL in one level can open for full access any process at the same signing level or below, with a restricted set of access granted to levels above. These signing levels were extended to the old PP model, a PP at one level can open all PP and PPL at the same signing level or below, however the reverse was not true, a PPL can never open a PP at any signing level for full access. Some of the levels and this relationship are shown below:
Signing levels allow Microsoft to open up protected processes to third-parties, although at the current time the only type of protected process that a third party can create is an Anti-Malware PPL. The Anti-Malware level is special as it allows the third party to add additional permitted signing keys by registering an Early Launch Anti-Malware (ELAM) certificate. There is also Microsoft’s TruePlay, which is an Anti-Cheat technology for games which uses components of PPL but it isn’t really important for this discussion.
I could spend a lot of this blog post describing how PP and PPL work under the hood, but I recommend reading the blog post series by Alex Ionescu instead (Parts 1, 2 and 3) which will do a better job. While the blog posts are primarily based on Windows 8.1, most of the concepts haven’t changed substantially in Windows 10.
I’ve written about Protected Processes before [link], in the form of the custom implementation by Oracle in their VirtualBox virtualization platform on Windows. The blog showed how I bypassed the process protection using multiple different techniques. What I didn’t mention at the time was the first technique I described, injecting JScript code into the process, also worked against Microsoft's PPL implementation. I reported that I could inject arbitrary code into a PPL to Microsoft (see Issue 1336) from an abundance of caution in case Microsoft wanted to fix it. In this case Microsoft decided it wouldn’t be fixed as a security bulletin. However Microsoft did fix the issue in the next major release on Windows (version 1803) by adding the following code to CI.DLL, the Kernel’s Code Integrity library:
UNICODE_STRING g_BlockedDllsForPPL[] = {
 DECLARE_USTR("scrobj.dll"),
 DECLARE_USTR("scrrun.dll"),
 DECLARE_USTR("jscript.dll"),
 DECLARE_USTR("jscript9.dll"),
 DECLARE_USTR("vbscript.dll")
};

NTSTATUS CipMitigatePPLBypassThroughInterpreters(PEPROCESS Process,
                                                LPBYTE Image,
                                                SIZE_T ImageSize) {
 if (!PsIsProtectedProcess(Process))
   return STATUS_SUCCESS;

 UNICODE_STRING OriginalImageName;
 // Get the original filename from the image resources.
 SIPolicyGetOriginalFilenameAndVersionFromImageBase(
     Image, ImageSize, &OriginalImageName);
 for(int i = 0; i < _countof(g_BlockedDllsForPPL); ++i) {
   if (RtlEqualUnicodeString(g_BlockedDllsForPPL[i],
                             &OriginalImageName, TRUE)) {
     return STATUS_DYNAMIC_CODE_BLOCKED;
   }
 }
 return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}
The fix checks the original file name in the resource section of the image being loaded against a blacklist of 5 DLLs. The blacklist includes DLLs such as JSCRIPT.DLL, which implements the original JScript scripting engine, and SCROBJ.DLL, which implements scriptlet objects. If the kernel detects a PP or PPL loading one of these DLLs the image load is rejected with STATUS_DYNAMIC_CODE_BLOCKED. This kills my exploit, if you modify the resource section of one of the listed DLLs the signature of the image will be invalidated resulting in the image load failing due to a cryptographic hash mismatch. It’s actually the same fix that Oracle used to block the attack in VirtualBox, although that was implemented in user-mode.Finding New TargetsThe previous injection technique using script code was a generic technique that worked on any PPL which loaded a COM object. With the technique fixed I decided to go back and look at what executables will load as a PPL to see if they have any obvious vulnerabilities I could exploit to get arbitrary code execution. I could have chosen to go after a full PP, but PPL seemed the easier of the two and I’ve got to start somewhere. There’s so many ways to inject into a PPL if we could just get administrator privileges, the least of which is just loading a kernel driver. For that reason any vulnerability I discover must work from a normal user account. Also I wanted to get the highest signing level I can get, which means PPL at Windows TCB signing level.
The first step was to identify executables which run as a protected process, this gives us the maximum attack surface to analyze for vulnerabilities. Based on the blog posts from Alex it seemed that in order to be loaded as PP or PPL the signing certificate needs a special Object Identifier (OID) in the certificate’s Enhanced Key Usage (EKU) extension. There are separate OID for PP and PPL; we can see this below with a comparison between WERFAULTSECURE.EXE, which can run as PP/PPL, and CSRSS.EXE, which can only run as PPL.

I decided to look for executables which have an embedded signature with these EKU OIDs and that’ll give me a list of all executables to look for exploitable behavior. I wrote the Get-EmbeddedAuthenticodeSignature cmdlet for my NtObjectManager PowerShell module to extract this information.
At this point I realized there was a problem with the approach of relying on the signing certificate, there’s a lot of binaries I expected to be allowed to run as PP or PPL which were missing from the list I generated. As PP was originally designed for DRM there was no obvious executable to handle the Protected Media Path such as AUDIODG.EXE. Also, based on my previous research into Device Guard and Windows 10S, I knew there must be an executable in the .NET framework which could run as PPL to add cached signing level information to NGEN generated binaries (NGEN is an Ahead-of-Time JIT to convert a .NET assembly into native code). The criteria for PP/PPL were more fluid than I expected. Instead of doing static analysis I decided to perform dynamic analysis, just start protected every executable I could enumerate and query the protection level granted. I wrote the following script to test a single executable:
Import-Module NtObjectManager
function Test-ProtectedProcess {    [CmdletBinding()]    param(        [Parameter(Mandatory, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName)]        [string]$FullName,        [NtApiDotNet.PsProtectedType]$ProtectedType = 0,        [NtApiDotNet.PsProtectedSigner]$ProtectedSigner = 0        )    BEGIN {        $config = New-NtProcessConfig abc -ProcessFlags ProtectedProcess `            -ThreadFlags Suspended -TerminateOnDispose `            -ProtectedType $ProtectedType `            -ProtectedSigner $ProtectedSigner    }
   PROCESS {        $path = Get-NtFilePath $FullName        Write-Host $path        try {            Use-NtObject($p = New-NtProcess $path -Config $config) {                $prot = $p.Process.Protection                $props = @{                    Path=$path;                    Type=$prot.Type;                    Signer=$prot.Signer;                    Level=$prot.Level.ToString("X");                }                $obj = New-Object –TypeName PSObject –Prop $props                Write-Output $obj            }        } catch {        }    }}
When this script is executed a function is defined, Test-ProtectedProcess. The function takes a path to an executable, starts that executable with a specified protection level and checks whether it was successful. If the ProtectedType and ProtectedSigner parameters are 0 then the kernel decides the “best” process level. This leads to some annoying quirks, for example SVCHOST.EXE is explicitly marked as PPL and will run at PPL-Windows level, however as it’s also a signed OS component the kernel will determine its maximum level is PP-Authenticode. Another interesting quirk is using the native process creation APIs it’s possible to start a DLL as main executable image. As a significant number of system DLLs have embedded Microsoft signatures they can also be started as PP-Authenticode, even though this isn’t necessarily that useful. The list of binaries that will run at PPL is shown below along with their maximum signing level.
PathSigning LevelC:\windows\Microsoft.Net\Framework\v4.0.30319\mscorsvw.exeCodeGenC:\windows\Microsoft.Net\Framework64\v4.0.30319\mscorsvw.exeCodeGenC:\windows\system32\SecurityHealthService.exeWindowsC:\windows\system32\svchost.exeWindowsC:\windows\system32\xbgmsvc.exeWindowsC:\windows\system32\csrss.exeWindows TCBC:\windows\system32\services.exeWindows TCBC:\windows\system32\smss.exeWindows TCBC:\windows\system32\werfaultsecure.exeWindows TCBC:\windows\system32\wininit.exeWindows TCBInjecting Arbitrary Code Into NGENAfter carefully reviewing the list of executables which run as PPL I settled on trying to attack the previously mentioned .NET NGEN binary, MSCORSVW.EXE. My rationale for choosing the NGEN binary was:

• Most of the other binaries are service binaries which might need administrator privileges to start correctly.
• The binary is likely to be loading complex functionality such as the .NET framework as well as having multiple COM interactions (my go-to technology for weird behavior).
• In the worst case it might still yield a Device Guard bypass as the reason it runs as PPL is to give it access to the kernel APIs to apply a cached signing level. Any bug in the operation of this binary might be exploitable even if we can’t get arbitrary code running in a PPL.

But there is an issue with the NGEN binary, specifically it doesn’t meet my own criteria that I get the top signing level, Windows TCB. However, I knew that when Microsoft fixed Issue 1332 they left in a back door where a writable handle could be maintained during the signing process if the calling process is PPL as shown below:
NTSTATUS CiSetFileCache(HANDLE Handle, ...) {

 PFILE_OBJECT FileObject;
 ObReferenceObjectByHandle(Handle, &FileObject);

 if (FileObject->SharedWrite ||
    (FileObject->WriteAccess &&
     PsGetProcessProtection().Type != PROTECTED_LIGHT)) {
   return STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION;
 }

 // Continue setting file cache.
}
If I could get code execution inside the NGEN binary I could reuse this backdoor to cache sign an arbitrary file which will load into any PPL. I could then DLL hijack a full PPL-WindowsTCB process to reach my goal.
To begin the investigation we need to determine how to use the MSCORSVW executable. Using MSCORSVW is not documented anywhere by Microsoft, so we’ll have to do a bit of digging. First off, this binary is not supposed to be run directly, instead it’s invoked by NGEN when creating an NGEN’ed binary. Therefore, we can run the NGEN binary and use a tool such as Process Monitor to capture what command line is being used for the MSCORSVW process. Executing the command:
C:\> NGEN install c:\some\binary.dll
Results in the following command line being executed:
MSCORSVW -StartupEvent A -InterruptEvent B -NGENProcess C -Pipe D
A, B, C and D are handles which NGEN ensures are inherited into the new process before it starts. As we don’t see any of the original NGEN command line parameters it seems likely they’re being passed over an IPC mechanism. The “Pipe” parameter gives an indication that  named pipes are used for IPC. Digging into the code in MSCORSVW, we find the method NGenWorkerEmbedding, which looks like the following:
void NGenWorkerEmbedding(HANDLE hPipe) {
 CoInitializeEx(nullptr, COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED);
 CorSvcBindToWorkerClassFactory factory;

 // Marshal class factory.
 IStream* pStm;
 CreateStreamOnHGlobal(nullptr, TRUE, &pStm);
 CoMarshalInterface(pStm, &IID_IClassFactory, &factory,                     MSHCTX_LOCAL, nullptr, MSHLFLAGS_NORMAL);

 // Read marshaled object and write to pipe.
 DWORD length;
 char* buffer = ReadEntireIStream(pStm, &length);
 WriteFile(hPipe, &length, sizeof(length));
 WriteFile(hPipe, buffer, length);
 CloseHandle(hPipe);

 // Set event to synchronize with parent.
 SetEvent(hStartupEvent);

 // Pump message loop to handle COM calls.
 MessageLoop();

 // ...
}
This code is not quite what I expected. Rather than using the named pipe for the entire communication channel it’s only used to transfer a marshaled COM object back to the calling process. The COM object is a class factory instance, normally you’d register the factory using CoRegisterClassObject but that would make it accessible to all processes at the same security level so instead by using marshaling the connection can be left private only to the NGEN binary which spawned MSCORSVW. A .NET related process using COM gets me interested as I’ve previously described in another blog post how you can exploit COM objects implemented in .NET. If we’re lucky this COM object is implemented in .NET, we can determine if it is implemented in .NET by querying for its interfaces, for example we use the Get-ComInterface command in my OleViewDotNet PowerShell module as shown in the following screenshot.

We’re out of luck, this object is not implemented in .NET, as you’d at least expect to see an instance of the _Object interface. There’s only one interface implemented, ICorSvcBindToWorker so let’s dig into that interface to see if there’s anything we can exploit.
Something caught my eye, in the screenshot there’s a HasTypeLib column, for ICorSvcBindToWorker we see that the column is set to True. What HasTypeLib indicates is rather than the interface’s proxy code being implemented using an predefined NDR byte stream it’s generated on the fly from a type library. I’ve abused this auto-generating proxy mechanism before to elevate to SYSTEM, reported as issue 1112. In the issue I used some interesting behavior of the system’s Running Object Table (ROT) to force a type confusion in a system COM service. While Microsoft has fixed the issue for User to SYSTEM there’s nothing stopping us using the type confusion trick to exploit the MSCORSVW process running as PPL at the same privilege level and get arbitrary code execution. Another advantage of using a type library is a normal proxy would be loaded as a DLL which means that it must meet the PPL signing level requirements; however a type library is just data so can be loaded into a PPL without any signing level violations.
How does the type confusion work? Looking at the ICorSvcBindToWorker interface from the type library:
interface ICorSvcBindToWorker : IUnknown {
   HRESULT BindToRuntimeWorker(
             [in] BSTR pRuntimeVersion,
             [in] unsigned long ParentProcessID,
             [in] BSTR pInterruptEventName,
             [in] ICorSvcLogger* pCorSvcLogger,
             [out] ICorSvcWorker** pCorSvcWorker);
};
The single BindToRuntimeWorker takes 5 parameters, 4 are inbound and 1 is outbound. When trying to access the method over DCOM from our untrusted process the system will automatically generate the proxy and stub for the call. This will include marshaling COM interface parameters into a buffer, sending the buffer to the remote process and then unmarshaling to a pointer before calling the real function. For example imagine a simpler function, DoSomething which takes a single IUnknown pointer. The marshaling process looks like the following:
The operation of the method call is as follow:

1. The untrusted process calls DoSomething on the interface which is actually a pointer to DoSomethingProxy which was auto-generated from the type library passing an IUnknown pointer parameter.
2. DoSomethingProxy marshals the IUnknown pointer parameter into the buffer and calls over RPC to the Stub in the protected process.
3. The COM runtime calls the DoSomethingStub method to handle the call. This method will unmarshal the interface pointer from the buffer. Note that this pointer is not the original pointer from step 1, it’s likely to be a new proxy which calls back to the untrusted process.
4. The stub invokes the real implemented method inside the server, passing the unmarshaled interface pointer.
5. DoSomething uses the interface pointer, for example by calling AddRef on it via the object’s VTable.

How would we exploit this? All we need to do is modify the type library so that instead of passing an interface pointer we pass almost anything else. While the type library file is in a system location which we can’t modify we can just replace the registration for it in the current user’s registry hive, or use the same ROT trick from before issue 1112. For example if we modifying the type library to pass an integer instead of an interface pointer we get the following:
The operation of the marshal now changes as follows:

1. The untrusted process calls DoSomething on the interface which is actually a pointer to DoSomethingProxy which was auto-generated from the type library passing an arbitrary integer parameter.
2. DoSomethingProxy marshals the integer parameter into the buffer and calls over RPC to the Stub in the protected process.
3. The COM runtime calls the DoSomethingStub method to handle the call. This method will unmarshal the integer from the buffer.
4. The stub invokes the real implement method inside the server, passing the integer as the parameter. However DoSomething hasn’t changed, it’s still the same method which accepts an interface pointer. As the COM runtime has no more type information at this point the integer is type confused with the interface pointer.
5. DoSomething uses the interface pointer, for example by calling AddRef on it via the object’s VTable. As this pointer is completely under control of the untrusted process this likely results in arbitrary code execution.

By changing the type of parameter from an interface pointer to an integer we induce a type confusion which allows us to get an arbitrary pointer dereferenced, resulting in arbitrary code execution. We could even simplify the attack by adding to the type library the following structure:
struct FakeObject {
   BSTR FakeVTable;
};
If we pass a pointer to a FakeObject instead of the interface pointer the auto-generated proxy will marshal the structure and its BSTR, recreating it on the other side in the stub. As a BSTR is a counted string it can contain NULLs so this will create a pointer to an object, which contains a pointer to an arbitrary byte array which can act as a VTable. Place known function pointers in that BSTR and you can easily redirect execution without having to guess the location of a suitable VTable buffer.
To fully exploit this we’d need to call a suitable method, probably running a ROP chain and we might also have to bypass CFG. That all sounds too much like hard work, so instead I’ll take a different approach to get arbitrary code running in the PPL binary, by abusing KnownDlls.KnownDlls and Protected Processes.In my previous blog post I described a technique to elevate privileges from an arbitrary object directory creation vulnerability to SYSTEM by adding an entry into the KnownDlls directory and getting an arbitrary DLL loaded into a privileged process. I noted that this was also an administrator to PPL code injection as PPL will also load DLLs from the system’s KnownDlls location. As the code signing check is performed during section creation not section mapping as long as you can place an entry into KnownDlls you can load anything into a PPL even unsigned code.
This doesn’t immediately seem that useful, we can’t write to KnownDlls without being an administrator, and even then without some clever tricks. However it’s worth looking at how a Known DLL is loaded to get an understanding on how it can be abused. Inside NTDLL’s loader (LDR) code is the following function to determine if there’s a preexisting Known DLL.
NTSTATUS LdrpFindKnownDll(PUNICODE_STRING DllName, HANDLE *SectionHandle) {
 // If KnownDll directory handle not open then return error.
 if (!LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle)
   return STATUS_DLL_NOT_FOUND;

 OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes;
 InitializeObjectAttributes(&ObjectAttributes,
   &DllName,
   OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE,
   LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle,
   nullptr);

 return NtOpenSection(SectionHandle,
                      SECTION_ALL_ACCESS,
                      &ObjectAttributes);
}
The LdrpFindKnownDll function calls NtOpenSection to open the named section object for the Known DLL. It doesn’t open an absolute path, instead it uses the feature of the native system calls to specify a root directory for the object name lookup in the OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES structure. This root directory comes from the global variable LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle. Implementing the call this way allows the loader to only specify the filename (e.g. EXAMPLE.DLL) and not have to reconstruct the absolute path as the lookup with be relative to an existing directory. Chasing references to LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle we can find it’s initialized in LdrpInitializeProcess as follows:
NTSTATUS LdrpInitializeProcess() {
 // ...
 PPEB peb = // ...
 // If a full protected process don't use KnownDlls.
 if (peb->IsProtectedProcess && !peb->IsProtectedProcessLight) {
   LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle = nullptr;
 } else {
   OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes;
   UNICODE_STRING DirName;
   RtlInitUnicodeString(&DirName, L"\\KnownDlls");
   InitializeObjectAttributes(&ObjectAttributes,
                              &DirName,
                              OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE,
                              nullptr, nullptr);
   // Open KnownDlls directory.
   NtOpenDirectoryObject(&LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle,
                         DIRECTORY_QUERY | DIRECTORY_TRAVERSE,
                         &ObjectAttributes);
}
This code shouldn’t be that unexpected, the implementation calls NtOpenDirectoryObject, passing the absolute path to the KnownDlls directory as the object name. The opened handle is stored in the LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle global variable for later use. It’s worth noting that this code checks the PEB to determine if the current process is a full protected process. Support for loading Known DLLs is disabled in full protected process mode, which is why even with administrator privileges and the clever trick I outlined in the last blog post we could only compromise PPL, not PP.
How does this knowledge help us? We can use our COM type confusion trick to write values into arbitrary memory locations instead of trying to hijack code execution resulting in a data only attack. As we can inherit any handles we like into the new PPL process we can setup an object directory with a named section, then use the type confusion to change the value of LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle to the value of the inherited handle. If we induce a DLL load from System32 with a known name the LDR will check our fake directory for the named section and map our unsigned code into memory, even calling DllMain for us. No need for injecting threads, ROP or bypassing CFG.
All we need is a suitable primitive to write an arbitrary value, unfortunately while I could find methods which would cause an arbitrary write I couldn’t sufficiently control the value being written. In the end I used the following interface and method which was implemented on the object returned by ICorSvcBindToWorker::BindToRuntimeWorker.
interface ICorSvcPooledWorker : IUnknown {
   HRESULT CanReuseProcess(
           [in] OptimizationScenario scenario,
           [in] ICorSvcLogger* pCorSvcLogger,
           [out] long* pCanContinue);
};
In the implementation of CanReuseProcess the target value of pCanContinue is always initialized to 0. Therefore by replacing the [out] long* in the type library definition with [in] long we can get 0 written to any memory location we specify. By prefilling the lower 16 bits of the new process’ handle table with handles to a fake KnownDlls directory we can be sure of an alias between the real KnownDlls which will be opened once the process starts and our fake ones by just modifying the top 16 bits of the handle to 0. This is shown in the following diagram:

Once we’ve overwritten the top 16 bits with 0 (the write is 32 bits but handles are 64 bits in 64 bit mode, so we won’t overwrite anything important) LdrpKnownDllDirectoryHandle now points to one of our fake KnownDlls handles. We can then easily induce a DLL load by sending a custom marshaled object to the same method and we’ll get arbitrary code execution inside the PPL.Elevating to PPL-Windows TCBWe can’t stop here, attacking MSCORSVW only gets us PPL at the CodeGen signing level, not Windows TCB. Knowing that generating a fake cached signed DLL should run in a PPL as well as Microsoft leaving a backdoor for PPL processes at any signing level I converted my C# code from Issue 1332 to C++ to generate a fake cached signed DLL. By abusing a DLL hijack in WERFAULTSECURE.EXE which will run as PPL Windows TCB we should get code execution at the desired signing level. This worked on Windows 10 1709 and earlier, however it didn’t work on 1803. Clearly Microsoft had changed the behavior of cached signing level in some way, perhaps they’d removed its trust in PPL entirely. That seemed unlikely as it would have a negative performance impact.
After discussing this a bit with Alex Ionescu I decided to put together a quick parser with information from Alex for the cached signing data on a file. This is exposed in NtObjectManager as the Get-NtCachedSigningLevel command. I ran this command against a fake signed binary and a system binary which was also cached signed and immediately noticed a difference:

For the fake signed file the Flags are set to TrustedSignature (0x02), however for the system binary PowerShell couldn’t decode the enumeration and so just outputs the integer value of 66 which is 0x42 in hex. The value 0x40 was an extra flag on top of the original trusted signature flag. It seemed likely that without this flag set the DLL wouldn’t be loaded into a PPL process. Something must be setting this flag so I decided to check what happened if I loaded a valid cached signed DLL without the extra flag into a PPL process. Monitoring it in Process Monitor I got my answer:

The Process Monitor trace shows that first the kernel queries for the Extended Attributes (EA) from the DLL. The cached signing level data is stored in the file’s EA so this is almost certainly an indication of the cached signing level being read. In the full trace artifacts of checking the full signature are shown such as enumerating catalog files, I’ve removed those artifacts from the screenshot for brevity. Finally the EA is set, if I check the cached signing level of the file it now includes the extra flag. So setting the cached signing level is done automatically, the question is how? By pulling up the stack trace we can see how it happens:

Looking at the middle of the stack trace we can see the call to CipSetFileCache originates from the call to NtCreateSection. The kernel is automatically caching the signature when it makes sense to do so, e.g. in a PPL so that subsequent image mapping don’t need to recheck the signature. It’s possible to map an image section from a file with write access so we can reuse the same attack from Issue 1332 and replace the call to NtSetCachedSigningLevel with NtCreateSection and we can fake sign any DLL. It turned out that the call to set the file cache happened after the write check introducted to fix Issue 1332 and so it was possible to use this to bypass Device Guard again. For that reason I reported the bypass as Issue 1597 which was fixed in September 2018 as CVE-2018-8449. However, as with Issue 1332 the back door for PPL is still in place so even though the fix eliminated the Device Guard bypass it can still be used to get us from PPL-CodeGen to PPL-WindowsTCB. ConclusionsThis blog showed how I was able to inject arbitrary code into a PPL without requiring administrator privileges. What could you do with this new found power? Actually not a great deal as a normal user but there are some parts of the OS, such as the Windows Store which rely on PPL to secure files and resources which you can’t modify as a normal user. If you elevate to administrator and then inject into a PPL you’ll get many more things to attack such as CSRSS (through which you can certainly get kernel code execution) or attack Windows Defender which runs as PPL Anti-Malware. Over time I’m sure the majority of the use cases for PPL will be replaced with Virtual Secure Mode (VSM) and Isolated User Mode (IUM) applications which have greater security guarantees and are also considered security boundaries that Microsoft will defend and fix.
Did I report these issues to Microsoft? Microsoft has made it clear that they will not fix issues only affecting PP and PPL in a security bulletin. Without a security bulletin the researcher receives no acknowledgement for the find, such as a CVE. The issue will not be fixed in current versions of Windows although it might be fixed in the next major version. Previously confirming Microsoft’s policy on fixing a particular security issue was based on precedent, however they’ve recently published a list of Windows technologies that will or will not be fixed in the Windows Security Service Criteria which, as shown below for Protected Process Light, Microsoft will not fix or pay a bounty for issues relating to the feature. Therefore, from now on I will not be engaging Microsoft if I discover issues which I believe to only affect PP or PPL.

The one bug I reported to Microsoft was only fixed because it could be used to bypass Device Guard. When you think about it, only fixing for Device Guard is somewhat odd. I can still bypass Device Guard by injecting into a PPL and setting a cached signing level, and yet Microsoft won’t fix PPL issues but will fix Device Guard issues. Much as the Windows Security Service Criteria document really helps to clarify what Microsoft will and won’t fix it’s still somewhat arbitrary. A secure feature is rarely secure in isolation, the feature is almost certainly secure because other features enable it to be so.
In part 2 of this blog we’ll go into how I was also able to break into Full PP-WindowsTCB processes using another interesting feature of COM.